Gen. Jesup's campaign to suppress the Second Creek War in 1836 captured ~2,500 Creek warriors (many in chains) and initiated the forcible removal of the Creek Nation to Indian Territory. The Creek who had served as US allies against the Red Sticks were removed along with the hostile faction. The campaign ended Creek sovereignty in Alabama and Georgia.
The early republic period saw the United States move from the weak Articles of Confederation to the federal Constitution ratified in 1788, with the Bill of Rights added in 1791. George Washington served two terms as president (1789–1797), establishing precedents for executive authority, and the federal capital moved permanently to Washington D.C. in 1800. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the nation's territory for roughly $15 million, opening vast trans-Mississippi lands to American expansion. The War of 1812 against Britain ended inconclusively but produced a surge of American national identity and eliminated most British support for Indigenous resistance east of the Mississippi. The Northwest Indian Wars (1785–1795) and the Creek War (1813–1814) broke Indigenous confederacies that had resisted US expansion. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily balanced slave and free states as the nation expanded westward, but embedded the contradiction of slavery in every subsequent territorial debate.
~100 Creek killed; dozens of US soldiers killed in various engagements; ~2,500 Creek captured
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