The following units and commanders fought at the Second Battle of Saratoga, The Battle of Bemis Heights, on October 7, 1777.
Luzader, John. F. Saratoga: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie, 2008. ISBN 978-1-932714-44-9
Weddle, Kevin. The Compleat Victory: Saratoga and the American Revolution. — Oxford University Press, 2021. — 544 p. — ISBN 978-0195331400.
Craig, Joe. “The Battles of Saratoga.” Cobblestone, vol. 20, no. 8, Nov. 1999, p. 20. EBSCOhost, https://search-ebscohost-com.rocky.iona.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=2416003&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Loiselle, Brett. “The Battles of Saratoga.” Battles of Saratoga, Aug. 2017, pp. 1–2. EBSCOhost, https://search-ebscohost-com.rocky.iona.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=17916678&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Seymour, William. “Turning Point at Saratoga.” Military History, vol. 16, no. 5, Dec. 1999, p. 46. EBSCOhost, https://search-ebscohost-com.rocky.iona.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=afh&AN=2405767&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) grew from colonial resistance to British taxation without parliamentary representation — a dispute that radicalized through the Stamp Act (1765), the Townshend Acts (1767), and the Boston Massacre (1770). Fighting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775; the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Army under George Washington faced severe shortages of supplies and troops, enduring the brutal winter at Valley Forge (1777–1778) before French alliance and French financing turned the military balance. Major engagements included Bunker Hill (1775), Trenton (1776), Saratoga (1777) — which secured French intervention — and Yorktown (1781), where British General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington. An estimated 25,000 American soldiers died in service, from combat, disease, and captivity. The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded British territory east of the Mississippi, though it left unresolved questions about Indigenous land rights and the status of Loyalists.
This page covers Battle of Bemis Heights (Second Saratoga). A full Aubrey report for the area pulls together this battle alongside historic sites, land records, and everything else the record holds within a few miles:
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