Cooper Bison Skull Found in Harper County

The earliest known painted object in North America, the Cooper Bison Skull, was found at a Folsom tradition site in present-day Harper County, Oklahoma.

When this happened

Cooper Bison Skull Found in Harper County occurred in between 10,900 and 10,200 radiocarbon years ago, during the pre-columbian period of American history. The event spanned from -10900 to -10200.

Where this happened

Cooper Bison Skull Found in Harper County took place in Oklahoma. Explore the full history of Oklahoma and primary source records from this era.

Indigenous peoples had inhabited North America for at least 15,000 years before European contact, developing complex societies across every region of the continent. The Mississippian culture, centered on the city of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis, reached its peak around 1100 AD with a population estimated at 10,000 to 20,000 — larger than contemporary London. The Ancestral Puebloans built multi-story stone complexes at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde between the 9th and 13th centuries. The Iroquois Confederacy, formed between roughly 1450 and 1600, united five nations under a constitution that influenced later American democratic thinking. Across the eastern woodlands, the Great Plains, the Pacific Coast, and the Southwest, hundreds of distinct nations maintained sophisticated trade networks, agricultural systems, and governance structures. European contact beginning in the late 15th century introduced epidemic disease — smallpox, measles, influenza — which devastated Indigenous populations by an estimated 50 to 90 percent within a century.

Content adapted from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Source: Wikipedia: Precontact Oklahoma.