Penobscot Expedition Defeated by British

In July 1779, British general Francis McLean captured Castine and built Fort George. The American Penobscot Expedition failed to dislodge the British during a 21-day siege and was routed by British reinforcements.

People involved

• Francis McLean
• Solomon Lovell
• Dudley Saltonstall

When this happened

Penobscot Expedition Defeated by British occurred in July 1779, during the revolutionary era period of American history.

Where this happened

Penobscot Expedition Defeated by British took place in Maine. Explore the full history of Maine and primary source records from this era.

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) grew from colonial resistance to British taxation without parliamentary representation — a dispute that radicalized through the Stamp Act (1765), the Townshend Acts (1767), and the Boston Massacre (1770). Fighting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775; the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Army under George Washington faced severe shortages of supplies and troops, enduring the brutal winter at Valley Forge (1777–1778) before French alliance and French financing turned the military balance. Major engagements included Bunker Hill (1775), Trenton (1776), Saratoga (1777) — which secured French intervention — and Yorktown (1781), where British General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington. An estimated 25,000 American soldiers died in service, from combat, disease, and captivity. The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded British territory east of the Mississippi, though it left unresolved questions about Indigenous land rights and the status of Loyalists.

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