National Historic Landmark

Pictograph Cave

Billings, Yellowstone County, Montana
Listed
October 14, 1966
Type
Site
Period
Pre Contact
Ref No.
66000439

About this property

Pictograph Cave is an area of three caves (Pictograph, Middle, and Ghost caves) located 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Billings, Montana, United States, preserved and protected in the 23-acre (9.3 ha) Pictograph Cave State Park. Excavation of the three caves began in 1937, and they were the site of some of Montana's first professional archeological studies. Over 30,000 artifacts have been identified, with at least 20,000 animal remains recovered from the site. Species range from large mammalian species, including bison (Bos bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus), to various species of herpetiles (reptiles and amphibians) and avies (birds). The presence of these remains result from human predation, processing and consumption as well as non-human (carnivores and raptors) predation and individual species who lived and died in and around the site. Paintings known as pictographs are still visible in Pictograph Cave, which is the largest of the three caves. The pictographs are thought to be between 200 and 2,100 years old. However their interpretations are still debated over. The oldest pictograph is that of a turtle, radio-carbon dated to be approximately 2,100 years old. These pictographs are paintings of animals, warriors, and even rifles that document the story of the Native Americans of the area for thousands of years. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

Location

Billings, Yellowstone County, Montana
45.73734, -108.43198

Categories

PREHISTORIC
National Register nomination ›
Sources

Property data from the National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service (public domain).

Description adapted from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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Everything a full report reveals about Pictograph Cave

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Overview
An interactive map of the location with historic sites, battles and Native heritage plotted, and its full story era by era.
The Land
The historic sites and place names around the location, and how this land was settled and used.
Geology
The bedrock beneath the site, its age and rock type, reaching back millions of years.
LiDAR Terrain
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Conflict & War
The battles, raids and skirmishes fought near here, across every era of American conflict.
The Civil War
The Civil War on this ground, 1861 to 1865: who held it, and the battles, camps and regiments nearby.
The Soldiers
The men who marched from here in the Civil War, named and traced where the record allows.
Native Heritage
The Native nations who held this land, mapped across time from before European contact to today.
Settlement
Who claimed and held this ground, from Indigenous homelands through the colonial powers to the United States.
The Community
How the town grew, who came, and what kind of place it became, traced through the census record.
Rivers & Rail
The rivers, canals and railroads that connected this place between 1830 and 1911.
Notable People
The people born, buried or genuinely tied to this exact place, with their stories.
Historical Maps
Historic maps of the location layered over how it looks today.
Finds & Access
Museum objects tied to the area, and the laws on searching, collecting and access here.
Literature
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Spotlight
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Points of Interest
The most significant historic sites and landmarks near the location, and why they matter.
Timeline
The whole story of the location told era by era, from first peoples to the present day.
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Nearby Historic Sites

Fire House No. 2
Industrial
4.4 mi
Yegen, Peter, House
Industrial
4.6 mi
Yegen, Christian, House
Industrial
4.6 mi
L and L Building
Civil War
4.6 mi
Garfield School
Industrial
4.6 mi

Nearby Battles

Battle of Canyon Creek — Nez Perce (September 13, 1877)
1877Indian Wars
5.8 mi

Questions about this property

When was Pictograph Cave listed on the National Register?

Pictograph Cave was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 14, 1966.

What type of historic resource is Pictograph Cave?

Pictograph Cave is classified as a site in the National Register of Historic Places.

Is Pictograph Cave a National Historic Landmark?

Yes. Pictograph Cave has been designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL), the highest level of federal recognition for historic properties in the United States.

What is the period of significance for Pictograph Cave?

The period of significance for Pictograph Cave is recorded as the pre_contact era.

Can I research the history near Pictograph Cave?

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