The English victory at Poitiers in September 1356 and the capture of the French king John II fundamentally altered the strategic environment that had sustained Scottish independence. With both the Scottish king David II and the French king John II held captive in England simultaneously, the Franco-Scottish alliance lost its practical value. England was freed to concentrate on Scottish ransom negotiations; the resulting Treaty of Berwick in 1357 secured David II's release on terms that preserved Scottish independence.
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