Henry "Hotspur" Percy led an English force through Cadair Idris and Dinas Mawddwy in May 1401 attempting to suppress Glyndŵr. John Charlton conducted a separate operation nearby. The Welsh retreated into the mountains and the English found little to fight. The operations demonstrated the fundamental difficulty of fighting in the Welsh mountain heartland — an army could march through it but could not hold it. Hotspur himself would be killed at Shrewsbury two years later, having by then switched to the Glyndŵr cause.
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