Henry II's last and greatest invasion of Wales in 1165 assembled a coalition of all Welsh princes against him. As Henry advanced through the Ceiriog valley, Welsh forces mounted repeated ambushes in the forest, attacking stragglers and supply lines. Then catastrophic storms on the Berwyn plateau forced Henry to withdraw. In revenge he blinded twenty-two Welsh hostages including the sons of Owain Gwynedd. The humiliation ended his Welsh campaigns permanently.
Henry II: c.6,000–8,000 men. Welsh coalition: c.3,000–5,000 men.
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