In the early phase of the Scottish raids into England, Bruce's forces approached Carlisle in 1311, burning the surrounding countryside and demonstrating that the northern capital of England could not protect its own hinterland. The city walls deterred direct assault, but the suburbs were burned, cattle driven off and residents terrorised. The 1311 Carlisle approach was a precursor to the more systematic raids of subsequent years and established the Scottish dominance of the western march.
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