Gruffudd ap Cynan, restored to power in Gwynedd after the Battle of Mynydd Carn, began organising resistance to Robert de Rhuddlan's raids into north Wales. Gruffudd used the difficult terrain of Snowdonia as a base for counterattacks against Norman positions along the north Wales coast, gradually reclaiming territory that Robert had overrun. His resistance preserved the core of the Gwynedd kingdom through the first great wave of Norman expansion.
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