Rhys ap Gruffudd — the Lord Rhys — systematically recaptured Norman-held castles in Deheubarth in the 1150s. Carmarthen, the principal Norman administrative centre in south Wales, fell to him as part of this campaign. Henry II was forced to invade Wales to restore the situation in 1163, taking Rhys prisoner. But after Henry's 1165 campaign failed, Rhys became the dominant force in south Wales, eventually becoming Henry's trusted Justiciar.
Rhys ap Gruffudd: c. 1,500–2,500 troops. Norman garrison: c. 150–300 defenders.
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