The Emperor Septimius Severus conducted the last major Roman offensive into Scotland from his headquarters at Eboracum (York). His army of 40,000+ advanced to the far north, building roads and supply depots. The Caledonians refused pitched battle and adopted guerrilla tactics; Severus responded with a policy of systematic devastation. He died at York in 211 before completing the conquest. His sons Caracalla and Geta then made peace and abandoned the gains. York as an imperial capital left lasting marks on the city's archaeology.
The size of the opposing forces is not recorded in the surviving sources.
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