The crossing of the Tyne by the Scottish Covenanter army in January 1644 was the decisive strategic development of the northern Civil War. Twenty-one thousand Scots under Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven, crossed into England in response to Parliament's Solemn League and Covenant treaty. Their entry transformed the military balance in the north. Within months, combined Scots and Parliamentary forces would besiege York and defeat Rupert at Marston Moor, breaking Royalist power in the north permanently.
Scottish Covenanter army: c.21,000 foot and 3,000 horse
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