The most decisive Scottish military victory of the Middle Ages. Edward II led the largest English army assembled to relieve Stirling Castle; Bruce destroyed it over two days of fighting on ground chosen to neutralise English cavalry. Edward II barely escaped capture. The English dead included dozens of knights and hundreds of men-at-arms. Bannockburn secured Scottish independence in practice, though formal recognition waited until the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. It opened the door to the great Scottish raids of 1315–1322.
c.4,000–11,000 English killed; Scottish losses relatively light
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