At Bryn Glas (Pilleth) on 22 June 1402, Edmund Mortimer's Welsh archers — fighting for the English — switched sides mid-battle and fired on their own side. This treason within English forces transformed a difficult fight into a rout. Mortimer himself was captured and up to 1,500 English dead were left on the field. Women allegedly mutilated English corpses — news that horrified England. Shakespeare opens Henry IV Part 1 with news of this defeat. Mortimer later married Glyndŵr's daughter and became his ally. The battle stands as the high-water mark of the rebellion's first phase.
c.1,000–1,500 English killed; Mortimer captured
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