The Scottish march through Northumberland in August-September 1640 was largely uncontested because English military capacity in the north had collapsed. Local garrisons were undermanned and underpaid. The ease of the advance — meeting effective opposition only at Newburn — demonstrated how completely Charles I had lost control of the military situation. The occupation of an English county by a foreign army had not occurred since the Welsh campaigns of the previous century.
Covenanting army c.20,000; scattered English border forces
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