In the year before Richard of Gloucester's successful campaign to recover Berwick, Scottish forces made aggressive moves toward the town and the English eastern border. James III's government, before it was paralysed by the rebellion of his own nobles at Lauder in 1482, attempted to use the Berwick question as a rallying point for Scottish national sentiment. English border riders and the Berwick garrison conducted counter-operations through 1481, maintaining the town against Scottish pressure while the larger English relief expedition was being assembled.
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