In 1404 Glyndŵr captured both Aberystwyth and Harlech castles — the two greatest English fortresses in west and north-west Wales. With Harlech as his residence and capital, and Aberystwyth controlling the coast, Glyndŵr was at the height of his power. He held his parliament at Machynlleth and negotiated a treaty with France. For a brief moment Wales was a functioning independent state. His daughter Catherine married Edmund Mortimer, the captured English commander.
Welsh (Glyndŵr): c. 1,000–2,000 men in siege. English garrison: c. 100–200 men.
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