After fleeing the Catuvellauni defeat in the south, Caratacus spent years building coalitions among the western tribes against Rome. In AD 48, Ostorius Scapula campaigned against the Deceangli of northeast Wales — driving toward the Irish Sea. Caratacus used the Deceangli and Ordovices as bases before his final stand. Tacitus records that Scapula penetrated to near the sea when news of the Iceni rising forced his return. This campaign brought Roman military force directly into the Welsh Marches for the first time.
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