After Bannockburn, Bruce waged economic warfare on northern England by devastating raids designed to extract tribute. Douglas was the greatest raider of his age. His 1318 expedition reached as far south as Northallerton and Richmond, burning and extracting ransoms. The raids were so devastating that northern English communities paid annual tribute to avoid destruction — effectively acknowledging Bruce's power over their region. Parliament complained to Edward II that the north of England had been ruined.
Vast destruction across Yorkshire; towns burned or ransomed
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