The Irvine capitulation of July 1297 was one of the most revealing episodes of the Wars of Independence. A substantial Scottish force — including the future King Robert Bruce, Bishop Wishart of Glasgow, and James Stewart the High Steward — had assembled ostensibly to resist. When the English force arrived under Percy and Clifford, they entered negotiations and submitted without a blow being struck. Wallace, operating independently in the north, was not part of this submission. His separate campaign showed that resistance was possible; the nobles capitulation showed how far their commitment wavered.
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