Bishop Andrew Knox returned to the Hebrides in 1609 with the Statutes of Iona — a comprehensive set of regulations designed to transform island society through the imposition of Protestant ministers, Scottish education, limitation of clan retinues, suppression of bards, and prohibition of strong drink for the ordinary population. The chiefs who had been imprisoned in 1608 signed the Statutes at Iona under duress. Knox's voyage to enforce compliance was backed by the threat of further military action. The Statutes of Iona were the most ambitious attempt at cultural transformation in the Hebrides since the introduction of Christianity and represented the beginning of the end of Gaelic aristocratic culture.
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