The Caledonians adopted the same strategy against Severus that they had used against Agricola — refusing pitched battle and using guerrilla tactics in the forests and bogs. Cassius Dio records Roman losses of around 50,000 men during the Scottish campaigns, though this figure is likely exaggerated. The Caledonians eventually submitted but then revolted again almost immediately.
Roman sources claim 50,000 Roman casualties across the campaign (likely exaggerated); Caledonian losses unknown
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