After the Restoration of 1660, Charles II imposed episcopacy on Scotland. The western Covenanters refused to worship in the official churches and held illegal open-air meetings — conventicles — on the moors. The government responded with increasingly violent suppression. By the late 1660s conventicles were being held by armed congregations escorted by guards. The repression created a cycle of outrage and resistance that culminated in the Pentland Rising, Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge.
Government dragoon troops; armed Covenanting congregations
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