The conditions of the Jacobite army on the morning of Culloden are essential context for understanding the battle's outcome. After the failed night march to Nairn, men had been marching and fighting on a handful of biscuits for two days. Hundreds had left to forage for food — some as far as Inverness. When Cumberland advanced on 16 April, Lord George Murray estimated that a quarter of the Jacobite army was absent. The men who fought were exhausted, hungry and demoralised by the night march failure. Fighting on Drumossie Moor — an open, flat expanse wholly unsuited to Highland fighting methods — made defeat inevitable against Cumberland's fresh, well-supplied army.
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