Council of Wales Enforcement in Carmarthenshire 1534
History & Significance
Bishop Rowland Lee (or Leigh; c. 1487 – 28 January 1543) was an English clergyman who served as Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield 1534–43 and also as Lord President of the Marches under King Henry VIII.
His family hailed from Isell, Cumberland, and he was educated at Cambridge. After being ordained as a priest Leigh obtained several livings under the patronage of Cardinal Wolsey; despite Wolsey's fall he rose high in the esteem of Henry VIII and of Thomas Cromwell by pursuing the policy of suppressing the monasteries, and is believed to have been rewarded by officiating at Henry's secret marriage to Anne Boleyn in January 1533. Whether so or not, Bishop Leigh took a lead part in preparing for the divorce proceedings against Catherine of Aragon, before in January 1534 being elected as Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (the last to hold that title), or Chester, as the see was otherwise known, pledging at his consecration the new oath to the King as sovereign head of the Church of England rather than to the Pope; he was consecrated a bishop on 19 April 1534, by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln; and Christopher Lord, suffragan bishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Sidon. He served as a prelate to the royal household advocating the legality of Henry's marriage with Queen Anne until May 1534 when he was appointed Lord President of the Council of Wales and the Marches.
As the Lord President, under the direction of Thomas Cromwell, he set out to bring law and order to the Welsh regions. What ensued was a reign of terror, in which Leigh decided the best way to deal with the "lawless" Welsh was to convict and hang with impunity. It is claimed that Bishop Leigh hanged 5,000 Welshmen in his five years; probably an exaggeration, but in any event indicates the character of the man described as a "great despiser of Welshmen" by Dafydd Jenkins.
Leigh was also disliked among the gentry for giving them scant respect, despite being related to them; he once boasted to have hanged "Five of the best blood in the county of Shropshire".
The "Hanging Bishop" was said to have been disappointed and incensed when the first Act of Union was enacted in 1536, as he believed the Welsh could not be trusted as part of England. Leigh died at Shrewsbury, and was buried there in old St Chad's Church.
List of the Bishops of the Diocese of Lichfield and its precursor offices
Lichfield and Coventry Diocese @ www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lee, Rowland". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
The ground they fought on
The site of Council of Wales Enforcement in Carmarthenshire 1534 lies on Arenig Rocks (Undifferentiated), bedrock that formed in the Arenigian. The rock here is mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.
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- Rowland Lee (bishop) · Wikipedia
- LEE (LEGH), ROWLAND (died 1543), bishop of Coventry and Lichfield... and president of the Council in Wales and the Marches · Dictionary of Welsh Biography
- Council of Wales and the Marches · Wikipedia