Between 1314 and 1322 Scottish raiding forces systematically burned and levied ransoms across Northumberland in a sustained campaign of economic attrition. Villages were forced to pay protection money or be destroyed; livestock was driven north; ecclesiastical properties paid substantial sums. The cumulative effect was the near-total collapse of Northumberland's agrarian economy, its tax yield and its population, creating a devastated frontier zone that would take generations to recover.
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