Galloway was a semi-independent province with its own Gaelic-Norse cultural tradition and its lords resisted the centralising authority of the Scottish kings. Malcolm IV led a military campaign into Galloway to assert crown authority and received the submission of the Galwegian lords. Galloway would continue to be restive -- revolting under William the Lion and remaining a persistent problem for Scottish royal authority throughout the twelfth century.
Malcolm IV: c. 2,000–3,500 troops. Galloway lords: c. 1,500–2,500 warriors.
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