The Annals of Ulster record that Siward's invasion of 1054 used both a land army and a fleet operating along the east coast -- a combined arms operation unusual for the period. The fleet probably attacked along the Fife and Angus coasts, destroying coastal settlements and cutting off Scottish reinforcement routes while the land army attacked inland. The coordinated land-sea operation showed sophisticated military planning and was one of the reasons Macbeth was unable to concentrate his forces effectively for the defence.
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