The situation was serious enough that Emperor Constans crossed the Channel in midwinter — an unusually dangerous journey that ancient authors remark upon — to deal with the crisis personally. This strongly implies the northern frontier had been breached. The Picts had developed sophisticated raiding strategies using the sea to bypass Wall fortifications.
Picts: c. 1,500–3,000 raiders. Roman Wall garrison: c. 500–1,000.
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