After killing Edwin at Hatfield in 633, Penda conducted repeated campaigns through Yorkshire and into Bernicia. He besieged Bamburgh and attempted to burn it. He killed King Oswin of Deira at Gilling in 651. Yorkshire was a primary theatre of Mercian aggression. The cycle finally ended when Oswiu of Bernicia destroyed Penda at the Battle of the River Winwaed in November 655 — possibly fought near Leeds.
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