Malcolm III's fourth invasion of England in 1091 led to a confrontation with William Rufus (William II) who personally marched north with a large army. Rather than full battle, the two kings negotiated. The resulting Treaty of Durham recognised Malcolm's lordship over southern Scotland in exchange for his homage. The exact terms were later disputed, contributing directly to the events of 1093 and Malcolm's death. The treaty demonstrated that neither side could deliver a knockout blow.
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