The Battle of the River Winwaed — fought in a Yorkshire river valley during severe flooding — ended Penda of Mercia's three-decade domination of northern England. Penda had killed Edwin, Oswald, and Oswin of Northumbria in turn. Oswiu, trapped and apparently willing to buy peace, instead turned and defeated Penda's vast coalition army. Penda was killed along with the East Anglian king Aethelhere. The battle transformed Oswiu into the most powerful king in England and allowed Northumbrian Christianity — the tradition of Lindisfarne and Iona — to expand throughout the land.
Penda killed; Aethelhere of East Anglia killed; thirty allied princes killed; heavy coalition losses in the flood
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