Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, allied with the exiled Aelfgar of Mercia and an Irish-Norse fleet, raided Herefordshire and defeated a mixed Norman-English force near Leominster. This followed his earlier victory at Rhyd y Groes (1039) and presaged his even greater sack of Hereford in 1055. Gruffudd was systematically demonstrating Welsh military power and expanding Wales's eastern border at English expense.
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