Edward I's decisive riposte to Stirling Bridge. Wallace's schiltrons of spearmen held firm until Edward deployed his longbowmen in mass volleys, shattering the formations. Wallace escaped but resigned the Guardianship. The lesson — that disciplined archery could break even the most determined Scottish defensive formations — shaped English military doctrine for the next century. The battle ended Wallace's open challenge to English power but not the war itself.
c.2,000 Scots killed; English losses moderate
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