Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd allied with Penda of Mercia after killing Edwin of Northumbria at Hatfield Chase 632. For a full year Cadwallon ravaged Northumbria in an unprecedented Welsh offensive. Secondary raids from Gwynedd struck at Mercian-adjacent territories. Cadwallon is the only Welsh king to have exercised power east of the Pennines. His death at Heavenfield 634 ended this extraordinary Welsh military dominance.
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