Llanbadarn Fawr — one of the major monastic centres of west Wales, founded by St Padarn — was raided by Vikings in 988. The Welsh annals record the attack and killings. Llanbadarn was not just a religious centre but the principal seat of learning in Ceredigion and had close connections with the Irish church. Viking raids on west Welsh monasteries were distinct from the north Welsh raids — these came from the Norse settlements in Ireland and the Bristol Channel rather than Scandinavia directly.
Vikings: c. 150–300 raiders. Welsh monks and defenders: c. 50–150.
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