The Armstrong clan, headquartered at Mangerton Tower in Liddesdale, conducted systematic cattle raids into Cumberland and Northumberland in 1583 under the leadership of the Armstrong chief. Mangerton was the principal stronghold of the English-raiding Armstrong faction and served as a reception point for stolen English cattle and goods. The 1583 raids provoked formal English diplomatic complaints and contributed to the pressure that eventually led to the Anglo-Scottish joint commission on border governance.
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