The execution of the Earl of Strafford at Tower Hill on 12 May 1641 was witnessed by a crowd estimated at 100,000 Londoners, making it one of the largest public assemblies in pre-Civil War England. The enormous popular pressure on Charles I to sign the attainder against Strafford had itself constituted a form of political coercion, with crowds surrounding Westminster and intimidating lords. The execution marked the high point of parliamentary power before the conflict hardened.
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