The Ridolfi Plot was the first of the great Elizabethan Catholic conspiracies backed by Spain. The Italian banker Roberto di Ridolfi conspired with Philip II of Spain, Pope Pius V and the Duke of Norfolk. The exposure of the plot led to the execution of the last Duke of Norfolk and the permanent exclusion of the Howard family from political power. Parliament pressed Elizabeth to execute Mary Queen of Scots, which she refused for fifteen more years.
Duke of Norfolk executed on Tower Hill June 1572
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