In the decade following its capture and reconstruction after the Flodden campaign, Norham Castle was the scene of repeated small-scale skirmishing as Scottish border riders probed English defences and English garrison sorties punished raiders. The repairs to Norham following its fall to James IV's artillery in 1513 were extensive — the Bishop of Durham's engineers rebuilt the damaged walls in a more artillery-resistant profile. Through the 1520s the castle served as the forward base for English East March operations while being persistently tested by Scottish incursions.
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