Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, allied with the exiled Mercian earl Aelfgar and an Irish-Norse fleet, defeated Earl Ralph of Hereford (the "Timid") in a pitched battle outside Hereford. Ralph had tried to make his English troops fight on horseback in the Norman style — they fled. Hereford was burned, including the cathedral. Harold Godwinson was sent to restore order. The battle demonstrated Gruffudd's military dominance and exposed the fragility of the English border defence.
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