The year before the decisive Battle of Mynydd Carn, Gruffudd ap Cynan was again expelled from Wales by Trahaearn. Gruffudd had been imprisoned by Normans at Chester and escaped c.1080, returning to Wales only to be driven out again. His return from Ireland with a Norse-Irish fleet for the battle of Mynydd Carn 1081 was thus his fourth attempt to reclaim Gwynedd. The prelude skirmishes of 1080 set the stage for the decisive confrontation.
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