Malcolm III's third invasion penetrated deep into Northumbria. The Chronicle of Symeon of Durham records that the Scots ravaged the country between the Tweed and the Tyne. William the Conqueror sent his son Robert Curthose north with a force; Malcolm withdrew. Robert Curthose founded Newcastle on his return march as a northern fortress against future Scottish raids. The founding of Newcastle is thus a direct consequence of Scottish military pressure.
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