During the Second Bishops War of 1640, the Covenanting army moved decisively to control the central Lowlands. Securing Stirling — the gateway between Highlands and Lowlands — was strategically vital. The Covenanting army then crossed the Tweed at Coldstream and defeated the English at Newburn, forcing Charles I to call the Long Parliament. Control of the Scottish Lowlands underpinned this campaign.
Covenanting army under Leslie; royalist garrisons in Stirling area
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