These raids demonstrated Scotland's military ascendancy following their victory at Bannockburn and their ability to project power deep into northern England. The sustained raiding campaign destabilized English border regions, undermined English morale, and forced England to recognize Scottish independence de facto, as they lacked the resources to mount effective defensive operations. The raids reinforced Scotland's position as a formidable regional power and contributed to the eventual Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton (1328) recognizing Scottish sovereignty.
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