Malcolm II's great victory at Carham in 1018 was preceded by years of Scottish pressure on the Lothian frontier. In 1017 and the opening months of 1018, Scottish forces pushed into the Tweed valley, testing Northumbrian defences and establishing positions from which to fight the main engagement. These preliminary operations shaped the terrain and intelligence picture that allowed Malcolm to destroy the Northumbrian force at Carham and secure Lothian for Scotland permanently.
Aubrey generates in-depth historical research for any location in Britain — drawing on Domesday records, scheduled monuments, Victorian OS maps, geological data and archaeological archives to tell the full story of a place.
Research a location near Northumberland