After the failure of his third attempt to control James VI, the Earl of Bothwell was finally driven into permanent exile in 1595. Government forces actively hunted him through the Borders and southern Scotland. Bothwell's affinity — Border lords and lesser men who had supported his raids — was broken up by government military action, arrests, and forfeitures. Bothwell fled to France and then to Italy where he died in poverty around 1612. The elimination of Bothwell as a military threat removed the last major magnate capable of physically threatening James VI in his own palace.
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